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What other regulations (outside of FAA) apply to exterior graphics on aircraft?

EASA is in Europe and also regulates aircraft graphics

In an FAQ question from website of EASA ((European Union Aviation Safety Agency), "what scope of work / competences are needed for a DOA holder to approve external livery design changes (e.g. painting or adhesive films)?", EASA answered:

Design changes introducing external livery modifications can be approved after compliance is demonstrated with requirements from a combination of disciplines such as Cabin Safety, Structures and Flight/Performance, depending on the type of aircraft, extension of the livery and the location. The effect on existing instructions for continued airworthiness must be also assessed.

And as further specified in EASA's Information Bulletin no. 2018/03/5

A change to the external livery (e.g. painting or adhesive films) of an aircraft is considered a change to the Type Design and DOA holders having the scope “External schemes, placards and markings” within their Terms of Approval are entitled to perform this activity.

Demonstration of compliance for several technical disciplines might be required. For
example:

  1. In the field of structures the change of external livery could...
    • introduce a corrosion initiator on a metallic aircraft,
    • alter the conductivity behavior during lightning strike on composite aircraft,
    • adversely affect (i.e. increase) the surface temperature when dark colors or
      different paint types are used,
    • adversely affect UV protection capability of composite structure,
    • influence the mass balance of the control surfaces.
  2. In the field of cabin safety...
    • marking requirements,
    • color contrast, and
    • emergency markings need to be considered.
    • In case of the use of adhesive films or foils, it must be ensured that they cannot rip
      off in flight, especially not in large pieces
  3. In the field of flight performance...
    • static port measurements, and
    • information used for operation in RVSM (“Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum”),
      could be affected.
Finally, regarding effects on ICA, existing approved maintenance requirements may necessitate that the adhesive film is either removed, so inspections such as GVI (General Visual Inspection), DET (Detailed inspections), Dye Penetrant or UT (Ultra-sonic Testing) can be performed, or alternatively a change in inspection might be appropriate.

Source: https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/downloads/46713/en